哈迪塞屠杀事件 目录 背景 对屠杀的辩解 参考文献 导航菜单U.S. military mourns 'tragic' Haditha deathsCollateral Damage or Civilian Massacre in Haditha?'Worst war crime' committed by US in IraqDeath certifcates describe in horrific detail how Haditha civilians were killedPentagon sources: Civilians likely killed without provocationPicking up the Pieces in HadithaLawmaker: Marines killed Iraqis 'in cold blood'Pentagon Investigates Alleged Massacre in IraqMarines may face trial over Iraq massacreMarines and the 'massacre': a neighbour tells of aftermathHouse to Look Into Probe of Pendleton MarinesLocal marine injured Haditha talks of massacre存檔Father of Marine backs son's Iraq comradesUS braced for Haditha effectVideo Taken By Journalism Student Key as 12 Americans Face War Crimes Probe in IraqRadio interview with Aparisim Ghosh about HadithaHaditha and My Lai: Lessons from the Law of War Haditha: How did it happen?Setting the record straight on HadithaIraq rights group on Haditha denies rebel links美軍完成哈迪塞屠殺事件調查美當事士兵為"哈迪塞事件"辯護

第二次海湾战争2005年伊拉克2005年美国美國軍事醜聞2005年11月


美军伊拉克哈迪塞美國海军陆战队伊拉克游击战美伊战争遜尼派时代基地组织记者Taher Thabet平民联合国宪章海牙公约日内瓦公约战争罪行BBC[1]





2005 Marine Killings in Haditha.jpg


哈迪塞屠杀事件(又称哈迪塞事件,英文Haditha killings / massacre / incident)是2005年11月9日美军在伊拉克哈迪塞(Haditha,حديثة‎)涉嫌杀害平民的事件。


当天,一队美國海军陆战队队员遭到简易炸弹装置攻击,一名士兵死亡。之后哈迪塞镇有24名平民死亡,据称是美军对本地平民进行的故意報復[1]。海军陆战队最初称是美军和伊拉克游击战的反叛分子交火的时候炸弹爆炸,导致8名反叛分子和15名平民死亡。然而媒体报道却与此不同[2]。媒体发现的证据导致美军开始调查事件的真相,据说不久有关人员将遭到起诉。




目录





  • 1 背景


  • 2 对屠杀的辩解


  • 3 参考文献

    • 3.1 注释


    • 3.2 外在链接





背景


从美伊战争被宣布大体结束以来,哈迪塞镇附近一直有美军驻扎,目的是保护附近的哈迪塞大坝及发电站。本地遜尼派为主的人口从一开始就是反叛分子活动的中心之一。早在2003年6月,美军就在附近攻击反叛分子的训练营地[3]。下来的三年里,哈迪塞地区更是被美军和伊拉克政府视为特别威胁。


2006年6月2日,媒体报道哈迪塞镇24人死亡,而且不是炸弹所致[4]。该新闻的发布是预计了军方将公布调查的结果:24名手无寸铁的伊拉克平民,包括妇女和下至2岁的小孩[5]被海军陆战队第一师第一团第三营Kilo排的12名士兵杀害[6]




Staff Sgt. Frank Wuterich


据互联网杂志《沙龙》杂志(Salon Magazine)报道,“对屠杀的遮掩从一开头就在进行。但是一个伊拉克新闻学学生在第二天用录像机拍下了满是弹洞,被血染红的屠杀现场。录像被通过一个伊拉克人权组织转给了《时代》杂志记者。记者就此事初次询问海军陆战队的时候,被对方的新闻发言人Jeffrey Pool上尉告知这是基地组织的造谣宣传。然而,当消息传到驻伊拉克美军的第二高官Peter W. Chiarelli将军那里,他决定对此事开始调查。”


《洛杉矶时报》报道,军方和美国国会均认为事件中有不同的两队美军。一队参与了开枪和爆炸,另一队情报人员紧随其后照了相。虽然后者的照片和前者自称的交火经过不符合,直到2006年3月《时代》杂志提出屠杀的怀疑后,美国军方和政府才开始调查。军方将此责怪于第一队美军的阻挠。


伊拉克记者和人权活动家Taher Thabet拍摄的录像,以及一名美军用手机拍下的第二天现场照片[7]都被用来证明这些伊拉克人是未作反抗被有组织杀死的[2]美军官员用“处决式”来形容其过程[8]


故意杀害平民的行为被从联合国宪章引申出来的现代战争法规所禁止,触犯了《海牙公约》、《日内瓦公约》,被认为是战争罪行。参与此事的海军陆战队队员和军官将按照法律接受军事法庭审判。由于伊拉克临时政府和美国的驻军协定所限,伊拉克法律无法对此事进行追究。


2006年5月17日,美国国会众议员院John Murtha在新闻发布会上宣布,内部调查已经确定了上述指控[8][9][10]


2006年5月29日,《时代》杂志报道了调查结果和对目击者的采访,并称三名当事军官被撤职。[11],另有一人还在调查之中。


目前几个官方调查正在进行:美军的一个专注于此事在军队内部的报告过程;海军的一个调查专注于犯罪方面(预计6月份结束)[12],第三个调查由伊拉克政府进行。



对屠杀的辩解


一名在最初炸弹攻击中受伤的士兵James Crossen接受美国电视采访时,声称该地区的妇女儿童经常为反叛分子通风报信,包括美军车辆的数目,以便反叛分子在路上用炸弹伏击。当记者问他对被杀的村民有无感情,他说“没有,这些人里大概有一半是坏人,谁知道呢,所以我没想过...在这么遥远的地方,天又这么热...你简直就失去了控制,不关心发生什么了,我想就是这样的”[13]


媒体引用被炸死的士兵的父亲说,儿子的战友告诉他爆炸后有反叛分子用平民做盾牌发起攻击,所以他们只是为了求生被迫还击[14]


另外,有美国保守记者称这些伊拉克人是在美军与反叛分子的巷战中被打死的。


2006年6月20日,BBC发表文章称Kilo排的营地环境恶劣[15]。同时哈迪塞镇也在军管之下每况愈下,经常有攻击美军和处死怀疑告密者的情况[1]。



参考文献



注释



  1. ^ U.S. military mourns 'tragic' Haditha deaths, CNN. Accessed June 1 2006


  2. ^ 2.02.1 McGirk, Tim. Collateral Damage or Civilian Massacre in Haditha?, 《时代》 Accessed March 19, 2006


  3. ^ "Battles rage across Saddam heartland where 70 Iraqis are killed by US forces", The Independent, June 14, 2003


  4. ^ Poole, Oliver. 'Worst war crime' committed by US in Iraq, Telegraph.co.uk. Accessed May 27, 2006


  5. ^ Death certifcates describe in horrific detail how Haditha civilians were killed, CNN. Accessed June 1, 2006


  6. ^ Pentagon sources: Civilians likely killed without provocation, CNN. Accessed May 27 2006


  7. ^ Ghosh, Aparisim. Picking up the Pieces in Haditha, Time online. Accessed May 30, 2006


  8. ^ 8.08.1 Miklaszewski, Jim and Mike Viqueira. Lawmaker: Marines killed Iraqis 'in cold blood', MSNBC (NBC News). Accessed May 17 2006


  9. ^ Bowman, Tom. Pentagon Investigates Alleged Massacre in Iraq, All Things Considered, National Public Radio Accessed May 19, 2006.


  10. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne. Marines may face trial over Iraq massacre, The Guardian. Accessed May 27 2006


  11. ^ Hamdani, Ali and Ned Parker, Marines and the 'massacre': a neighbour tells of aftermath, Times online. Accessed May 29 2006


  12. ^ Perry, Tony. House to Look Into Probe of Pendleton Marines, Los Angeles Times. Accessed May 20 2006


  13. ^ Video: Local marine injured Haditha talks of massacre 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2006-09-04., May 30 2006


  14. ^ Alicia Caldwell, Father of Marine backs son's Iraq comrades, May 31 2006


  15. ^ BBC News, US braced for Haditha effect, 20 June 2006


外在链接



  • Video Taken By Journalism Student Key as 12 Americans Face War Crimes Probe in Iraq, Editor & Publisher.


  • Radio interview with Aparisim Ghosh about Haditha, Democracy Now!.


  • Haditha and My Lai: Lessons from the Law of War , JURIST.

  • Haditha: How did it happen?[永久失效連結]

  • Setting the record straight on Haditha

  • Iraq rights group on Haditha denies rebel links[永久失效連結]

  • 美軍完成哈迪塞屠殺事件調查

  • 美當事士兵為"哈迪塞事件"辯護


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