動物解放 內容 參考 导航菜单On Humans and AnimalsThe Times & The Sunday Times

人类-动物相互作用动物试验素食主義倫理學書籍应用伦理学效益主義


彼得·辛格動物權利傑里米·邊沁物種歧視效益主義美國手語素食純素




《動物解放》（英语：Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals）是一本書主張動物利益的書籍，由彼得·辛格撰寫，於1975年出版。在動物解放運動中，廣泛認為此書開創了以哲學陳述動物解放運動思想之路。在涉及人類和非人類動物時，辛格本人拒絕使用動物權利的理論框架。在傑里米·邊沁之後，辛格認為應該考慮動物的利益，因為他們有能力經歷痛苦，而權利的概念對於他們來說並不是必需的。他在書中推廣了「物種歧視」一詞，這是由理查德·萊德創造的描述動物的剝削性治療。[1]



內容


辛格的核心論點擴展了效益主義的觀念，即「最大的利益」是衡量良好或道德行為的唯一標準。他認為沒有理由不將這一原則應用於其他動物。


儘管辛格拒絕將權利作為一種獨立於他的基於利益的功利主義的道德觀念，但他接受的權利源於功利主義原則，特別是最小化痛苦的原則。辛格允許動物權利與人權不同，在《動物解放》中認為「人類與其他動物之間存在明顯的重要差異，這些差異必然導致每個人擁有的權利存在一些差異。」[2]


在《動物解放》中，辛格反對所謂的物種主義：基於屬於某一物種的歧視。他認為所有能夠遭受苦難的人的利益都值得同等考慮並且基於其物種較少考慮生物並不比基於膚色的歧視更合理。他認為動物權利應該基於他們感受到痛苦的能力而不是他們的智力。他特別指出，雖然動物的智力低於普通人類，但許多嚴重智力挑戰的人類心理能力同樣顯著下降（如果不是更低），並且有些動物表現出智力的跡象（例如，靈長類動物學習美國手語的元素）有時與人類兒童的語言相當。因此，智力並不能為非人類動物提供比這些智力挑戰的人類更少考慮的基礎。[3]辛格得出結論，最實際的解決方案是採用素食或純素飲食。他還譴責活體解剖，除非其益處（在改善醫療等方面）超過對所用動物造成的傷害。[4]



參考




  1. ^ Peter Singer, “A Utilitarian Defense of Animal Liberation,” in Environmental Ethics, ed. Louis Pojman (Stamford, CT: Wadsworth, 2001), 35."


  2. ^ Op. cit., p. 2.


  3. ^ Singer, Peter. On Humans and Animals. IAI TV. [11 December 2013]. 


  4. ^ The Times & The Sunday Times. www.thetimes.co.uk. 








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