南極企鵝 目录 分類學 行為 食物 參考資料 外部連結 导航菜单南極企鵝重量存檔Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global coolingdoi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260Pygoscelis antarcticus南極企鵝關於所有企鵝的資料70south.com：關於南極企鵝的資料南極企鵝的圖片企鵝世界：南極企鵝编

阿德利企鵝南極企鵝巴布亞企鵝麥哲倫企鵝漢波德企鵝加拉帕戈斯企鵝黑腳企鵝峽灣企鵝史納爾島企鵝冠毛企鵝南跳岩企鵝北跳岩企鵝皇家企鵝馬可羅尼企鵝查塔姆島企鵝


IUCN无危物种含有拉丁文的條目澳大利亞鳥類企鹅科阿德利企鵝屬南乔治亚和南桑威奇群岛鳥類


學名南桑威奇群島南極洲南奧克尼群島南設得蘭南喬治亞島布韋島巴勒尼群島彼得一世島企鵝公分公斤磷蝦蝦魚類阿德利企鵝屬粒線體細胞核脫氧核糖核酸王企鵝屬巴布亞企鵝冰山磷蝦甲殼類動物





 

如何讀生物分類框
南極企鵝

Chinstrap Penguin.jpg


保护状况


Status iucn3.1 LC zh.svg
无危（IUCN 3.1）


科學分類















界：

动物界 Animalia

門：

脊索動物門 Chordata

綱：

鳥綱 Aves

目：

企鹅目 Sphenisciformes

科：

企鹅科 Spheniscidae

屬：

阿德利企鵝屬 Pygoscelis

種：

南極企鵝 P. antarcticus


二名法

Pygoscelis antarcticus
(Forster, 1781)

南極企鵝（學名：Pygoscelis antarcticus）是一種生活在南桑威奇群島、南極洲、南奧克尼群島（South Orkney Islands）、南設得蘭、南喬治亞島、布韋島、巴勒尼群島（Balleny Islands）和彼得一世島等地的企鵝。其頭部下面有一條黑色的紋帶，使牠們看上去好像在戴著盔帽一般，故又稱頰帶企鵝或帽帶企鵝，亦因為牠們有這些特徵，牠們成為了最容易被辨認的企鵝之一。牠們身長68公分，全球迄今為止共有7,500,000對有繁殖能力的南極企鵝。成年的南極企鵝平均重約4.5公斤[1]。牠們主要以磷蝦、蝦和魚類為食。




目录





  • 1 分類學


  • 2 行為


  • 3 食物


  • 4 參考資料


  • 5 外部連結




分類學




頭部前視圖。


南極企鵝於1781年由德國自然學家福斯特（英语：Johann Reinhold Forster）首度被描述。其學名一直以「antarctica」見名，但至2002年，一份報告指出其屬於阿德利企鵝屬（Pygoscelis），故此後其正確的生物學名為「Pygoscelis antarcticus」。[2]


南極企鵝是阿德利企鵝屬的三個成員之一。粒線體及細胞核的脫氧核糖核酸證據顯示，阿德利企鵝屬約於3800萬年前從其他企鵝的物種中分裂出來，即其祖先王企鵝屬（Aptenodytes）分裂出來之後的約200萬年。阿德利企鵝在約1900萬年前從該屬分裂出來，而南極企鵝和巴布亞企鵝亦在約1400萬年前分裂出來。[3]



行為



Antarctic, antarctic penguin (js) 46.jpg


在陸地上，南極企鵝會築起一個個由石頭組成圓形的巢，每次孵約兩隻蛋，而孵蛋的工序則會由雄性和雌性輪流進行，為期5至10天。牠們亦會在冰山上進行繁殖，但畢竟牠們是比較喜歡在沒有冰的環境下繁殖。幼企鵝會在約35天後孵出，初生時，其背部和腹部分別有灰色和白色的絨毛。幼企鵝在巢中多逗20至30天之後就會離巢。在出生後50至60天後，牠們會換毛，換為成體的毛之後就可以出海。


南極企鵝是最大膽和最具侵略性的企鵝之一。




幼南極企鵝



食物




File:Pygoscelis antarctica trying to get to iceberg.wmv.ogv播放媒体

南極企鵝試圖登陸冰山。


南極企鵝的食物包括小型的淺水生活動物、磷蝦、小型的魚類和其他水生的甲殼類動物。牠們是岸邊的掠食者，常會在浮冰上覓食，當然牠們亦偶爾會在遠岸的海洋出現。牠們喜歡在離自己繁殖地不遠的地方掠食。牠們主要集中在半夜或正午來潛水覓食，而每一次潛下去一直也不會維持多於一分鐘，也鮮少深逾200呎。跟大部分的企鵝一樣，南極企鵝用其鰭狀肢划水前進，時速可達32.5公里。在陸上，南極企鵝以腹著地滑動前進，以腳部和鰭狀肢作推進。在攀爬斜坡或離開水面時，牠們會用四肢來作推進。



參考資料




  1. ^ 南極企鵝重量 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-06-02.


  2. ^ David N, Gosselin M. The grammatical gender of avian genera. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 2002, 122 (4): 257–82. 


  3. ^ Baker AJ, Pereira SL, Haddrath OP, Edge KA. Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling. Proc Biol Sci. 2006, 273 (1582): 11–17 [2008-03-21]. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. 


  • Pygoscelis antarcticus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2004.  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern


外部連結





维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：南極企鵝
  • 關於所有企鵝的資料

  • 70south.com：關於南極企鵝的資料

  • 南極企鵝的圖片

  • 企鵝世界：南極企鵝
















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