汽油引擎 目录 燃烧 設計 應用 参考文献 外部链接 参见 导航菜单4044196-900562256

内燃机汽油德国发明


汽油燃料內燃机二战二战化油器气缸火花塞辛烷值铅直列型V型卧式发动机福斯保时捷速霸路卧式发动机W型转缸星状汽缸盖水套散热器乙二醇丙二醇润滑剂水泵缸內直噴skyactiv火花点火磁电机点火线圈点火正时发动机控制器轉子引擎布加迪威龙U艇日產






1905年的12汽缸350hp馬力引擎


汽油引擎（Gasoline Engine或Petrol Engine）是使用汽油作為燃料的內燃机。


1883年德国人G.戴姆勒成功制造汽油机。二战前，汽油机用作1千瓦以下的农业、园艺机具的动力，大到数千瓦的航空发动机。二战后，汽油机的用途有所缩小，仍用于小功率内燃机、摩托车、轿车、小型飞机和轻型货车等。分为化油器式和汽油喷射式；至1980年代，汽油喷射式的应用增多。


汽油机一般采用往复活塞式结构，由本体（缸盖、缸体、曲轴箱）、曲柄连杆机构、配气系统、供油系统、润滑系统和点火系统等组成。




目录





  • 1 燃烧

    • 1.1 分层燃烧



  • 2 設計

    • 2.1 气缸排列


    • 2.2 冷却方式


    • 2.3 压缩比


    • 2.4 点火



  • 3 應用


  • 4 参考文献


  • 5 外部链接


  • 6 参见




燃烧


使用时，空气流过化油器，携带汽油进入进气管。在流经进气管、气缸和压缩过程中，汽油迅速蒸发，到压缩末期已成气态，与空气混合成均匀的可燃混合气。这时点火系统提供瞬时高压电，在火花塞的火花间隙处打出火花，使该处微量混合气累积热量，提高温度。当发展到缸内压明显上升时，形成明亮的火焰核心；然后传播，将缸内混合气烧尽，缸内压迅速上升。混合气热量主要


提高汽油机的压缩比，热效率提高。压缩比已由早期的4.5提高到10。当压缩比达到9以上时又会使气缸内产生积炭，积炭会点燃混合气，形成不正常燃烧现象（表面点火）。使压缩比提高的因素除燃烧室结构等设计外，主要在于汽油品质的提高。20年代中，人们发现在汽油中添加四乙铅可提高汽油机的压缩比。燃烧室对汽油辛烷值要求的高低（机械辛烷值）。铅是排气中的有害成分。



分层燃烧


如果在低负荷下不减少进入气缸的空气量，只减少汽油量，并使汽化的汽油集中于火星塞附近，形成可以着火燃烧的混合气，就可降低低负荷率时的油耗。


有些燃烧室分为主室、小室。较浓混合气进入小室，由火花点燃；较稀混合气进入主室，由小室喷出的火焰点燃，可减少污染。但在负荷率很低，主室混合气很稀薄时，仍须在减少进气量后才能点燃。另一方案是在压缩末期，用喷油器将汽油喷入燃烧室内火花塞附近，在很低负荷喷油很少，无需减少进气量；在高负荷喷油较多，延长喷油时间，边喷边烧。在低负荷时油耗降低30％以上，排污也很少。


分层燃烧可避免爆震，压缩比提高，并能采用广馏分的低品质汽油。此种燃烧系统的问题是在变工况下难以可靠地点燃。



設計




4行程汽油引擎汽缸運動示意圖


汽油引擎可采用四冲程工作循环或两冲程工作循环，参见：


  • 四冲程循环

  • 二冲程循环

  • 汪克爾引擎


气缸排列


一般的汽油引擎包含1-6个气缸（直列型）或2-16个气缸（V型）。而卧式发动机经常用在小型飞机和摩托车上，也是90年代福斯汽车一大标志。如今，卧式6缸发动机仍用在许多保时捷、速霸路的汽车中。许多卧式发动机是空冷的。其他排列类型还有W型、转缸、星状等。



冷却方式


汽油机可以通过风扇和汽缸盖来实现风冷，或通过水套和散热器来实现水冷。对于水冷，冷却剂曾经是水，现在多采用水和乙二醇、丙二醇的混合物，以降低其凝点、提高沸点，防止腐蚀。现代防冻液还添加有润滑剂，来保护水泵的密封和轴承。整个冷却系统处于略微增压的环境，来进一步加强冷却剂的沸点。



压缩比


压缩比是气缸总容积与燃烧室容积之比。理论上讲，压缩比越高，引擎效率越高。但事实上，太高的压缩比会导致气油混合物过早的燃烧，产生爆燃从而损坏引擎。汽车引擎的压缩比一般在9:1到10:1左右、使用高辛烷值汽油的高性能发动机，这一数值可以提升到11甚至12:1；而使用新一代技術（如缸內直噴）的汽車引擎，還可以提高壓縮比，例如skyactiv技術的引擎可以提高到14:1。



点火


主条目：点火系统

汽油机使用火花点火，采用磁电机和点火线圈来产生火花所需要的高压。在现代汽车引擎中，点火正时受到发动机控制器（ECU）的控制。





  • 汽油轉子引擎







  • 桌上型 Hit&Miss engine







  • 布加迪威龙汽車搭載的W16汽油引擎







  • U艇U1-U18號使用的汽油引擎室







  • 日產1.0公升引擎





應用


汽油引擎主要應用於：


  • 汽車

  • 摩托車

  • 飛機

  • 汽艇

  • 小型機具，例如割草機、伐木機、發電機等


参考文献





外部链接





維基教科書中的相關電子教程：汽油引擎


参见


  • 柴油引擎



规范控制

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