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史部史評類清朝典籍


王夫之宋代黄书宋史廟號钱穆陈寅恪中国文化范仲淹庆历新政熙宁变法史嵩之贾似道




宋論》,明末清初大儒王夫之晚年撰,共十五卷,以代划分;是對宋代歷史的評論,包括了北宋、南宋。書中的觀點多不同於前人,敢於批評。


早年王夫之即有“陋宋”之说,其《黄书·宰制》言:“圣人坚揽定趾以救天地之祸,非大反孤秦、陋宋之为不得延。”王夫之根據讀《宋史》心得開始撰寫《宋論》,“以上下古今兴亡得失之故,制作轻重之原”[1],1691年《宋論》定稿,每卷別以帝王廟號分類,無標題。


一般學者皆以為宋朝文化璨然可觀。钱穆曾说:“宋学精神,厥有两端:一曰革新政令,二曰创通经义,而精神之所寄则在书院。革新政令,其事至荆公而止;创通经义,其业至晦庵而遂。而书院讲学,则其风至明末之东林而始竭。”[2]陈寅恪亦指出:“华夏民族之文化歷数千载之演进,造极于赵宋之世”,而未来中国文化的发展必归于“宋代学术之复兴,或新宋学之建立”[3]。王夫之則以為宋政之乱“自仁宗开之”,又说:“天章阁开之后,宋乱之始也。范公缜密之才,好善恶恶之量为之也。是以缜密多知之才,尤君子之所慎用也。”[4]范仲淹等人的屡次上书,“以启上之佚志”,最终引发了庆历新政。庆历新政又开了以后熙宁变法、朝臣党争的先河。王夫之全盘否定宋儒的“上书陈利病”,尤其反对在上书中“以先王为口实”,即宋儒挂在嘴边的“复三代之治”[5]


王夫之认为,高宗时“天下之大势,十已去其八九”,但它仍能苟延百余年者,實有赖太祖立下的“不杀士大夫”的“家法”[6]。但南宋末年,“史嵩之、贾似道起,尽毁祖宗之成法,理宗汶弱而莫能问,士心始离,民心始散。将帅擅兵,存亡自主,而上不与谋,然后望风瓦解。蒙古安驱以入,晏坐以抚,拾天下如一羽而无所疑。”[7]南宋末年,刑罚酷烈,“腥闻于上天,亟剿其命,不得已授赤子于异类,而冀使息虐,亦惨矣哉!”[8]



關聯項目


  • 《讀通鑑論》


注釋




  1. ^ 王敔:《姜斋公行述》


  2. ^ 钱穆:《中國近三百年學術史》,商务印书馆1997年版,第7页


  3. ^ 陈寅恪:《金明馆丛稿二编》,上海古籍出版社1980年版,第245页


  4. ^ 《宋论》卷四《仁宗九》


  5. ^ 李存山:宋学与《宋论》——兼评余英时著《朱熹的历史世界》


  6. ^ 刘浦江. 2010-10-12. 祖宗之法:再论宋太祖誓约及誓碑


  7. ^ 《宋论》卷十《高宗五》


  8. ^ 《宋论》卷十四《理宗六》



參考書目



维基文库标志


维基文库中相关的原始文献:
宋論




  • 余英时:《朱熹的历史世界》,三联书店2004年版,第189页。

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